How to Write an Outline for a Research Paper: 3 Templates

When writing a research paper, it can be daunting unless you have an outline. Learning how to write an outline for a research paper is a critical skill for any student.

It allows you to organize your ideas and structure the flow of your writing to support your thesis most effectively.  

This guide gives you some tips, outline examples and templates, and suggestions for how to write a good outline for a research paper effectively.

What Is an Outline for a Research Paper?

An outline for a research paper is a roadmap that organizes ideas, arguments, and evidence in a logical order before writing. It provides structure and ensures coherence throughout the paper, helping you stay focused while preventing disorganization.

Why is an Outline Important for Research Paper Writing?

First, an outline helps organize research by breaking down complex information into manageable sections, allowing you to prioritize key ideas and structure them logically. It also clarifies the paper’s overall structure, ensuring a smooth flow between sections like the introduction, literature review, and conclusion.

Additionally, with an outline, the writing process becomes easier because you already know what each section should contain. This reduces uncertainty, saving time and keeping the writing focused.

Furthermore, it refines the thesis, ensuring each section supports the main argument, which makes the final paper more cohesive.

Finally, an outline helps prevent writer’s block by breaking the task into smaller, manageable parts, making it easier to begin and maintain progress.

Types & Template of Research Paper Outlines

Before you start writing, you should know the different types of outlines. Choosing the right one depends on your topic, paper length, and personal preference.

a. Alphanumeric Outline

This is the most common type of outline, marked by a series of letters and numbers. It helps organize topics and subtopics systematically.

The alphanumeric outline is one of the most common types of outlines. It uses numbers and letters to organize topics and subtopics. Main ideas are marked with Roman numerals (I, II, III), while subtopics are numbered with capital letters (A, B, C), Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3), and lowercase letters (a, b, c).

Template:

Introduction

A. Overview of the topic

B. Importance of the research

C. Thesis statement

Main Point 1

A. First subpoint

B. Second subpoint

C. Evidence supporting subpoint

Main Point 2

A. First subpoint

B. Second subpoint

Conclusion

A. Restate thesis

B. Summary of key points

C. Call to action or final thoughts 

• Introduction: Briefly introduce the topic and provide necessary background information. State your thesis clearly.

• Main Points: These should be the key arguments or sections of your paper. Each point should support your thesis.

• Subpoints: These are the details or evidence that back up each main point.

• Conclusion: Summarize your findings and reiterate the importance of your research.

b. Full Sentence Outline

A full sentence outline uses complete sentences instead of short phrases. This type of outline is ideal when you need to clarify the details of each section or when your paper demands a high level of specificity.

Template:

I. This is the main point of the first section.

A. This subpoint supports the main point with specific detail.

1. This detail further explains the subpoint.

II. This is the main point of the second section.

Introduction

The topic of [Insert Topic] is increasingly important due to [briefly describe the main issue or challenge].

The thesis of this paper argues that [state your main argument or claim].

Main Point 1

One of the key strategies for [achieving the goal or addressing the issue] is [describe the first main strategy or approach].

Main Point 2

Another crucial strategy is [describe the second main strategy or approach].

Main Point 3

…

Conclusion

In conclusion, [restate the main argument or claim] is critical in addressing [mention the overarching issue or challenge].

• Each item (main points, subpoints, etc.) must be expressed as a full sentence.

• Provides a clear picture of arguments and evidence.

c. Decimal Outline

The decimal outline is organized numerically rather than with letters. It’s especially useful for highly structured papers or projects that require deep analysis, such as technical writing or research reports. The numbering system allows you to organize sections and subsections hierarchically.

Template with Hierarchical Structure:

Introduction

1.1. Overview of topic

1.2. Importance of the research

1.3. Thesis statement

Literature Review

2.1. Previous studies on the topic

2.2. Gaps in the research

Methodology

3.1. Research design

3.2. Data collection methods

Results

4.1. Analysis of data

Conclusion

5.1. Summary of findings

5.2. Recommendations for future research

Decimal outlines use a numbering system where each number represents a different level of detail. For instance, the first number (1, 2, 3) represents major sections, while the numbers after the decimal (1.1, 2.1, etc.) represent subsections. This structure allows for an organized, easy-to-follow outline.

Steps to Write a Research Paper Outline

1. Choose a Topic

If the topic is provided, make sure you fully understand its scope. If you need to choose one yourself, pick something interesting and manageable. Consider the following:

• Interest & Relevance: Choose a topic that you find engaging and that is relevant to your course or field of study.

• Availability of Research: Make sure there’s enough material to support your argument. You don’t want to pick a topic that’s too narrow with limited sources.

• Specificity: Avoid overly broad topics. Instead of "global warming," for example, focus on "the effects of carbon emissions on coastal ecosystems."

2. Identify the Main Idea

Now that you have a topic, identify your main idea or thesis. Your thesis should focus on a central argument or question that your paper will explore. Follow these steps:

• Brainstorm: Jot down any questions or ideas that come to mind about your topic.

• Refine: Choose one central idea that can be argued or analyzed throughout the paper.

• Prioritize: Select the most relevant points that will build your argument.

3. Organize Ideas Logically

Once you’ve identified your central idea, the next step is organizing your supporting points in a logical structure. This will serve as the foundation for your outline. Here’s how: 

• Choose a structure: Decide on how to logically organize your paper (e.g., chronological, cause-effect, problem-solution).

• Group related ideas: Cluster ideas that naturally belong together and create sections in your outline based on this grouping.

Example:

If discussing the effects of climate change, you could organize your outline as follows:

Introduction: Explain climate change and its importance.

Main Point 1: Discuss causes (e.g., carbon emissions, deforestation).

Main Point 2: Explore the effects (e.g., rising sea levels, biodiversity loss).

Main Point 3: Suggest solutions (e.g., policy changes, renewable energy sources).

4. Write a Thesis Statement

• The thesis statement is the heart of your research paper. It provides a clear, concise summary of what your paper will argue or explain.

• Be Clear and Specific: A thesis should directly communicate your paper’s argument in 1-2 sentences.

• Every section in your outline should support your thesis. Revisit the thesis as you work on your outline to ensure consistency.

• For instance, “Stricter carbon emission policies can significantly reduce environmental damage,” or “Public education campaigns are key to changing consumer behavior.”

5. Develop Chapters and Subsections

Now that you have a clear thesis, break down the supporting points into detailed chapters and subsections.

• Main Points: Identify 2-4 main points or arguments that will support your thesis. These should be broad enough to encompass several details, but specific enough to focus the paper.

• Subpoints: Break each main point into subpoints that further develop your argument. Each subpoint should cover a specific aspect of the main point and provide supporting evidence, data, or analysis.

• Evidence: Note which sources, quotes, or facts will support each point or subpoint. These will be crucial when writing your paper.

Example:

Main Point 1: Stricter Carbon Emission Standards

Subpoint 1.1: Impact of carbon emissions on global warming

Subpoint 1.2: Examples of countries that have enforced stricter regulations

Subpoint 1.3: Potential benefits of stricter carbon policies

Main Point 2:  ...

6. Review and Revise Your Outline

Once your outline is complete, it’s time to review and revise. Begin by ensuring that your ideas flow logically and align with your thesis. Check the flow of the sections to confirm that each one leads smoothly into the next, making adjustments as needed. Verify the relevance of each section by ensuring it directly supports your thesis and contributes to your argument, removing any content that feels off-topic. Refine any unclear or overly broad points by adding explanations or breaking them down into smaller subpoints. Finally, seek feedback from a peer or instructor, as fresh eyes can often spot areas that need improvement.

Research Paper Outline Samples

Topic: Environmental Conservation and Government Policies

A. Alphanumeric Outline  

I. Introduction
A. Background on environmental conservation
B. Importance of reducing environmental harm
C. Thesis: Stronger government policies can significantly reduce environmental damage through stricter regulations and public awareness campaigns.

II. Main Point 1: Stricter Carbon Emission Standards
A. Importance of reducing carbon emissions
B. Impact of current carbon emission levels on climate change
C. Examples of successful carbon emission policies
D. Potential benefits of stricter carbon emission regulations

III. Main Point 2: Public Awareness and Education
A. Role of public awareness in conservation efforts
B. Impact of education on sustainable behaviors
C. Examples of successful public awareness campaigns
D. Government involvement in educational initiatives

IV. Conclusion
A. Recap of key points: policy change and public awareness
B. Final thoughts on the importance of action to preserve the environment

B. Full Sentence Outline 

I. Introduction

A. Environmental conservation is becoming increasingly urgent as climate change continues to threaten ecosystems worldwide.

B. This paper will argue that government intervention through stronger regulations can play a key role in reducing environmental harm, particularly through stricter carbon emission standards and public awareness campaigns.

II. Main Point 1: Stricter Carbon Emission Standards

A. One of the most effective ways to reduce environmental harm is by enforcing stricter carbon emission standards, which can help mitigate the effects of global warming.

B. The current levels of carbon emissions contribute significantly to climate change, leading to rising global temperatures and extreme weather patterns.

C. Countries that have implemented stricter carbon standards, such as [example country], have seen reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and improvements in air quality.

D. Stronger carbon emission regulations will not only reduce harmful pollutants but also encourage industries to adopt cleaner technologies and practices.

III. Main Point 2: Public Awareness and Education

A. Public awareness is crucial to the success of any environmental initiative, as people need to understand the consequences of their actions to change their behaviors.

B. Education plays a central role in shifting public attitudes toward more sustainable practices, such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and supporting renewable energy sources.

C. Successful campaigns like [example campaign] have demonstrated that when the public is well-informed, they are more likely to adopt sustainable habits.

D. Governments can encourage educational programs to raise awareness about the importance of environmental conservation and foster a culture of sustainability.

IV. Conclusion

A. In conclusion, stronger government policies, particularly in carbon emission regulation and public education, are vital to mitigating the damage done to the environment.

B. Immediate action is required to protect the planet and ensure future generations can thrive in a healthy, sustainable world.

C. Decimal Outline

I. Introduction
A. Overview of the environmental conservation issue
B. Importance of addressing environmental damage
C. Thesis: Effective government policies and public awareness efforts are critical to reducing environmental harm.

II. Main Point 1: Stricter Carbon Emission Standards
A. The impact of carbon emissions on the environment
B. Current regulations and their limitations
C. Successful examples of stricter carbon emission policies
D. Potential benefits of more stringent regulations

III. Main Point 2: Public Awareness and Education
A. The role of public awareness in fostering environmental responsibility
B. How education influences behavior change
C. Successful public awareness campaigns
D. The need for governmental support in education programs

IV. Conclusion
A. Summary of key points
B. Call to action for stronger policies and increased public education
C. Final thoughts on the future of environmental conservation

FAQs

1. How long should a research outline be?

A research outline is usually one to two pages long, depending on the complexity of your paper.

2. How to write a good outline?

A good outline is clear, structured, and includes your thesis, main points, and supporting details.

3. What are the three main parts of an outline?

The three main parts are the introduction, body, and conclusion.

4. What part of a research report should you outline first?

Start with your thesis statement, then build your main points around it.

5. What is the difference between a research paper and a research outline?

A research paper is the full written work, while an outline is a plan that organizes your ideas before writing.

Conclusion

Outlining is an integral part of the writing process for a research paper. It keeps you organized and on track, reducing stress during writing. With the knowledge of how to write an outline for a research paper, you can begin planning your next writing assignment with confidence. Draft out a clear thesis statement, organize your main points, and you’ll already be on your way to a well-organized paper!